New concerns for president Peña Nieto: Hezbollah's rising profile in Mexico.
by J.T. Larrimore, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric AffairsA day after Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto’s inauguration, opposition leaders met with the new leader to sign the “Pact for Mexico”, a bipartisan agreement to increase economic cooperation and improve the stability in a country notorious for its violent drug war and devastating corruption.[1] The current plague of instability in Mexico appears to have attracted transnational criminal and terrorist organizations such as Hezbollah, which should be of paramount concern for President Peña Nieto. Hezbollah’s presence would further indicate a disturbing degree of instability in Mexico, which would undermine economic and social developments.
Hezbollah has been reportedly operating for over a decade in some of South America’s most corrupt and violent regions. However, a series of arrests, coupled with the discovery of an international money-laundering scheme in Mexico, has led some to claim that Hezbollah has now established a foothold in the country.[2] While its presence in Mexico is still contested, the framework for Hezbollah’s operations is now met with ideal conditions, given the group’s history of operating in areas with high levels of corruption are present.[3]
The South American drug trade has provided an opportunity for Hezbollah’s illicit activity for years, which would allow the terrorist organization to maintain financial solvency. According to U.S. security services, the majority of Hezbollah’s illegal operations have occurred along the Colombia-Venezuela border, as well as the Tri- Border Region between Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. In these areas, a number of analysts have suggested that Hezbollah has aligned with various drug cartels to the mutual benefit of all parties involved.[4] Mexico, with its half-decade of escalating drug activity, presents similar conditions to those Latin American regions that are thought to already have ties to Hezbollah. These regions suffer from bouts of instability and are inflicted with high rates of corruption and a lucrative drug trade.
Evidence of Hezbollah’s Presence in Mexico
Hezbollah’s presence in Mexico is a conservational topic among politicians as well as security experts.[5] However, recent arrests and a surge of indictments, strengthens the argument that Hezbollah is now active in Mexico:
On May 5, 2012, Jamal Yousef, a former member of the Syrian Army, pleaded guilty in a U.S. Court to a conspiracy that provided weapons to a Colombian terrorist organization in exchange for cocaine. Court documents revealed that the weapons used for the transaction had been stolen from Iraq, and were being held by a Hezbollah operative in Mexico.[6]
On June 23, 2012, Ayman Joumaa, a Hezbollah associate, was indicted in a U.S. Federal Court on charges of a conspiracy to distribute narcotics and engage in potential money laundering. Ayman Joumaa and his associates were accused of smuggling narcotics from Colombia to Mexico for the “Los Zetas” drug cartel. The drug earnings would be transmitted, laundered around the world and then placed in business and bank accounts linked to Hezbollah.[7]
In September 2012, authorities arrested three men suspected of being Hezbollah operatives hiding in Mexico. One of them was a Lebanese man named Raffic Labboun, also a naturalized U.S. Citizen, who was considered to be the leader of Hezbollah operations in San Francisco, however, he fled to Mexico after being released from prison in the U.S. for fraud linked to the terrorist organization.[8]
While there has been a good deal of speculation over Hezbollah’s activity in Mexico, evidence reveals that their main objective has been financial in nature.
Newly inaugurated President Peña Nieto campaigned heavily on economic development issues by means of a series of basic reforms. The president believes that his reforms will boost Mexico’s economy and in the process, transform the country into being one of the world’s most important economic drivers. Mexico has excited economic forecasters, given that its GDP is expected to grow 4 percent annually, and the unemployment rate should fall below 5 percent.[9] However, foreign investors are concerned that Mexico is too unstable to develop into a global economic power. They argue the drug trade and rampant corruption will dampen any economic reform brought forth by the government.[10] In fact, according to a 2009 report by the U.S. Joint Forces Command concerning future threats, “In terms of worst case scenarios, Mexico… bears consideration for a rapid and sudden collapse.[11]
Corruption has hindered Mexico’s social and economic development for years. Today, Mexico is the 71st most corrupt country in the world, and finds itself with little ability to reverse this debilitating trend without a stronger and more centralized anti-crime enforcement strategy.[12] If Mexico is to develop according to its lofty projections, the country’s endemic corruption rate must be more effectively addressed and resolved.
President Peña Nieto’s agenda on corruption initiatives includes a new anti-corruption commission that would have the authority to remove officials from office, hand out fines, and move ahead with prosecutions. Furthermore, the president has also proposed moving the federal police to the jurisdiction of Mexico’s Department of the Interior, among other far-reaching reforms of the country’s security forces. The departmental transfer of the country’s police force would hopefully limit the country’s potential for graft. Critics who are skeptical of these reforms have stated that in order to eliminate corruption, the president must create a functioning and improved criminal justice system and establish stronger anti-corruption measures that would automatically confiscate illegally obtained assets.[13] What these critics have failed to realize is that the Mexican government has already initiated many of these measures with little effect. Unfortunately, corruption appears to have become deeply ingrained within Mexican culture, which serves as a pessimistic indicator of real prospects for new reforms.
In 2010, Transparency International carried out a poll to determine the extent of corruption in Mexico. In the poll, 31 percent of Mexican citizens had reported paying a bribe at least once, 75 percent of Mexicans believed that corruption had increased in their country, and only 22 percent believed that the government’s efforts to fight corruption were effective.[14] The poll revealed that the people of Mexico have a contradictory perception of corruption. The majority of them appear to have become accustomed and desensitized to a system of bribery as a function of the country’s everyday life. They disagree with the fundamental nature of a corrupt government, yet they often partake in the spoils and payoffs spawned by corruption in order to accomplish tasks and increase their earnings. In order for a more effective government authority to be achieved, the people must demand greater accountability as well as a significant advance in social reforms. This may only be achieved through formidable efforts to dislodge traditional norms of corruption.
Drug War
President Peña Nieto has inherited former President Felipe Calderon’s drug war; a war which has resulted in the deaths of 50,000 people, and has attracted Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) like Hezbollah within its borders. Although Hezbollah’s primary objective has been financial, it has aligned with Mexican drug cartels in order to better traffic narcotics and launder drug profits.[15] President Peña Nieto must realize that this criminal alliance could topple any gains put forth by his administration. Michael Braun of the DEA has stated that Hezbollah is “in essence, the face of twenty-first century organized crime…meaner and uglier than anything law enforcement or militaries have ever faced.” [16]
In response to the violent drug war, President Peña Nieto has vowed to continue fighting drug trafficking. In order to carry out this effectively, he intends to remove the Army from conducting counter-drug operations, and has stated that Mexico will continue to cooperate with the United States. The drug war has often dominated talks between the two nations into a monothematic discourse that both leaders are eager to modify and hopefully reverse.
All the while, President Peña Nieto recognizes that Mexico’s poor image abroad has slowed the country’s economic growth. In order to reverse a declining inflow of capital to the country, the president has announced a commitment to modernize trade deals and further develop oil and gas exploration in order to attract more foreign investments. However, Peña Nieto must realize that if FTOs like Hezbollah continue to operate in Mexico, efforts to develop the country’s economy will be greatly hindered.[17]
Conclusion
Hezbollah’s print in Mexico is still relatively light, but is an indication of the level of insecurity that the country continues to operate with on a daily basis. A high rate of corruption along with a lucrative drug trade perpetually threatens to stifle Mexico’s desire to overcome its reputation as a haven for transnational criminal and terrorist organizations
The new Mexican administration has pledged an ambitious reform of government institutions in order to alleviate certain problematic sectors of the economy. While a certain number of these reforms are legitimate, others appear to be headed for failure in their attempt to tackle core issues concerning instability. Based partly on Mexico’s deeply rooted political traditions, confronting these difficult issues will be decisive obstacles for President Peña Nieto to achieve his goals. The president must attract foreign investment, which cannot be sustained unless the remnants of the violent drug war are contained. It will be a difficult task for the new administration to accomplish such a task, but it is an initiative that his administration must confront and dispatch with success.
[1] Michael O’Boyle and Miguel Angel, “Mexico’s new president, opposition agree to push reforms,” Reuters, December 2, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/03/us-mexico-reforms-idUSBRE8B200L20121203
[2]U.S. Department of Treasury, Treasury Targets Major Money Laundering Network Linked to Drug Trafficker Ayman Joumaa and a key Hizballah Supporters in South America, June 27, 2012, http://search.proquest.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/docview/1013990050.
New York Law Journal, United States of America, Plaintiff v. Jamal Yousef , Defendant , 2010, http://myrick.house.gov/uploads/Hezbollah%20Narco%20terrorism%20SDNY%20case.pdf
Robert F. Worth and Laura Tillman, “Unlikely Turn for a Suspect in a Terror Plot”, New York Times, October 12, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/us/odd-turn-for-mansour-arbabsiar-suspect-in-iranian-plot.html?_r=0
[3] U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Terrorism 2010: Western Hemisphere Overview, August, 18, 2011 http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2010/170259.html
U.S. House of Representatives, H.R. 3783Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act, 112th Congress (2011-2012) http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi bin/query/D?r112:44:./temp/~r112mpQ1su::
[4] Vanessa Neumann, “The New Nexus of Nacro-terrorism: Hezbollah and Venezuela,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, (2011), http://www.fpri.org/enotes/2011/201112.neumann.narcoterrorism.html
[5] Kelly Holt, “Hezbollah Presence Growing in Mexico” The New American, October 31, 2012, http://www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/foreign-policy/item/13453-hezbollah-presence-growing-in-mexico
Washington Post “Republican primary Debate” March 22, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/2012-presidential-debates/republican-primary-debate-november-22-2011/
Jose R. Cardenas and Roger F. Noriega, “The mounting Hezbollah threat in Latin America” American Enterprise Institute , October 6, 2011, http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/latin-america/the-mounting-hezbollah-threat-in-latin-america/
U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Terrorism 2010: Western Hemisphere Overview, August, 18, 2011 http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2010/170259.html
[6] New York Law Journal, United States of America, Plaintiff v. Jamal Yousef , Defendant , 2012, http://myrick.house.gov/uploads/Hezbollah%20Narco%20terrorism%20SDNY%20case.pdf
U.S. Department of Justice, Lebanese Man Sentenced to 12 Years in Prison for Conspiring to Provide Material Supports to Terrorist, October 11, 2012, http://search.proquest.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/docview/1097820994
[7] U.S. Department of Treasury, Treasury Targets Major Money Laundering Network Linked to Drug Trafficker Ayman Joumaa and a key Hizballah Supporters in South America, June 27, 2012, http://search.proquest.com.proxygw.wrlc.org/docview/1013990050
[8] Joel Gehrke, “Report: Hezbollah operative with U.S. Citizenship arrested in Mexico”, Washington Examiner, September 10, 2012, http://washingtonexaminer.com/report-hezbollah-operative-with-u.s.-citizenship-arrested-in-mexico/article/2507596#.UImEY2_R68A
[9] Allison Jackson, Peña Nieto: Mexico’s new president faces an uphill battle on key reforms, Global Post, December 1, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/mexico/121130/mexican-president-enrique-Peña-nieto-inauguration
[10] Elisabeth Malkin, U.S. Aided Mexican Drug War, With Frustration, New York Times¸ December 3, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/04/world/americas/04wikileaks-mexico.html
[11] Bern Debusmann, Among top U.S. fears: A failed Mexican state, New York Times, January 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/world/americas/09iht-letter.1.19217792.html
[12] Transparency International, Data & Research on Mexico, accessed December 5, 2012, http://www.transparency.org/country#MEX_DataResearch
[13] Sara Miller Llana, Mexico inaugurates new President Peña Nieto, but takes in “old” party reputation, The Christian Science Monitor, December 1, 2012, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/1201/Mexico-inaugurates-new-President-Peña-Nieto-but-takes-on-old-party-reputation
[14] Transparency International, Public Opinion, accessed December 5, 2012, http://www.transparency.org/country#MEX_PublicOpinion
[15] U.S. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics, West Africa Drug Trafficking Threats: Combating West African narcotics trade in our National Interest, May 16, 2012, http://www.justice.gov/usao/nys/pressreleases/November11/issaoumarpleapr.pdf
[16] Michael Braun, Drug Trafficking and Middle Eastern Terrorist Groups: A Growing Nexus?, July 25, 2008, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/drug-trafficking-and-middle-eastern-terrorist-groups-a-growing-nexus
[17] Fact Sheet on Mexico, New York Times, Updated November 27, 2012, accessed December 5, 2012, http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/mexico/index.html
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